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The Harappan Civilisation

The Indus valley civilisation is also called the Harappan culture. Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group of objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found together within a specific geographical area and period of time. In the case of the Harappan culture, these distinctive objects include seals, beads, weights, stone blades (Fig. 1.2) and even baked bricks. These objects were found from areas as far apart as Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan (Pakistan) and Gujarat (Map 1). Named after Harappa, the first site where this unique culture was discovered (p. 6), the civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and 1900 BCE. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures. The Indus valley civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization and is famous for its systematic planning based on the grid system. The Indu

General studies 1

General Studies-I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.  Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.  Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.  The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.  Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.  History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.  Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.  Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization,

The interior of the Earth

Studying the Earth's Interior: An Indirect Approach The Earth's interior is a hidden world, inaccessible to direct observation. However, its influence on the surface is undeniable, shaping landscapes and driving geological processes. To understand the Earth's inner workings, scientists rely on indirect evidence, piecing together clues like detective work. One crucial piece of evidence comes from landforms . The configuration of mountains, valleys, and other features reflects the ongoing interplay of external (exogenic) and internal (endogenic) forces. For instance, the towering Himalayas are a testament to the immense forces within the Earth that pushed India into Asia. Understanding this interplay is crucial for interpreting the physiography of a region, or the arrangement of its physical features. It's like knowing the underlying structure of a building to fully appreciate its architecture. Similarly, grasping the endogenic processes shaping a landscape helps us de

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